How Computers Changed the World Essay

Islamic paradigm free essay sample

Accordingly, notwithstanding their case to have a totalistic protractor history, Annalists antiquarians were counterrevolutionaries. As I would like to think, it is just in Islamic worldview for the investigation of human advancement that one can locate a comprehensive (strip. Kid)approach history. It is a pity that none of the main history specialists met by Gallagher in this examination demonstrated any gratefulness Islamic epistemology. It is intriguing watch driving Western researchers of Islam and Muslim world were transparently convincingness they had boondoggling the Nonalcoholics way to deal with history. This school, as demonstrated above, was not administrable in any event, for the investigation of Westerncivilization. Nevertheless,in perspective on its exceptional philosophy, the book is, from numerous points of view, a significant commitment to the Middle Eastern historiography. Be that as it may, the manager can not be credited with making this oral methodology history. Prior to distribution of this work, there were Lawrenceville comparable works in the field. The mentionable examination in such manner is Paths to the Middle East: Ten Scholarly Back altered by Thomas Naif. The book is helpful for understudies, as the main researchers of the Middle East have offered a ton of significant guidance to understudies the Middle Eastern story. What's more, the book reveals some insight into Orientation and on the lives of the main directions of the after War II time. The investigation is helpful for understudies of history, historiography, direction, and humanism. Responsibility in Islam Accountability: A Comparatively spur of the moment Irresponsibilitys Islam and Man-mediocrities, by SheikhOsmanAbdulKaderai-Sari, interpreted by Mohammedanism. Clangor,Magnesia: WEB Printer, 1992. Up. 103. ISBN 983-9668-18-8. Commentator: Seed Surreal Islam, Department Political Science,lolls [1 04] INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE The topic of responsibility has for since a long time ago been one of the significant issues in governmental issues and organization. In the Western writing. Two gatherings of scholars the Marxist and the Liberals-have offered essentially conflicting thoughts on this issue. In any case. The two gatherings of scholars have genuine shortcomings which have driven numerous others to consider elective ways to deal with this idea. Sheik Osama Abdullah AY-Safaris Accountability: A Comparative Study of Human Responsibility Between Islam and Man-made Doctrines is one such endeavor. As he calls attention to, Man-made citrines are driving humanity quickly towards its fate. This critical difficulty prompts thinking to discover an answer.. - At this purpose of our conversation comes Islam to offer the extremely perfect arrangement (p. 61). The book. Initially written in Arabic and converted into English by Muhammad Bawd. Comprises of nine sections and is separated into two sections. In the initial segment. The creator looks at significant Western belief systems. Counting Marxism, Liberalism. What's more, Determinism. Sheik Osama calls attention to that while the Marxist see keeps an eye on conduct as an integral part of the development of society. (p. L) the nonconformists offer sacredness to the individual as opposed to society (p. ). As indicated by the Marxist. Singular opportunity is restricted by financial and political states of a state. Also, life is basically of an argument nature. What's more, it follows from this that keeps an eye on duty is a piece of this oddity and of the arguments of society (p. 14). To the nonconformists, then again, peopl e have full opportunity: Individuals can act the manner in which they like and cause their courses of action on conditions that their activities or plans to don't negate laws or guidelines in power (p. 47). In the wake of expressing the primary concerns of the Marxist. Nonconformists. ND Determinist. Sheik Osama continues to analyze their perspectives. He calls attention to that the Western methodologies are man-made tenets and have genuine deficiencies. To begin with, responsibility in these methodologies applies solely to the social and open parts of keeps an eye on life, and doesn't worry about the people private life. Furthermore, these methodologies are concerned uniquely with keeps an eye on present natural life and don't mull over post-existence. Thirdly. CocoaJ;notability in these methodologies depends on established and general laws. At last. In the Western models. Ethos must be produced for executing these laws. In the second piece of the book. Sheik Osama clarifies the Is lamic perspective on responsibility. In Islam. Tackle (responsibility) incorporates orders. Prohibited things just as issues left to [1 05] decision. Responsibility in Islam includes principle classifications of mandates: doctrinal and legal. While the previous is definite in the Holy Curran, the potato is examined the area of fish (Islamic Jurisprudence). Let follows from this that people are obligated to both doctrinal and down to earth obligations. A Muslim, the creators says, ought to comply with all charges avoid all he is prohibited to do and to revere God alone without any accomplices. Man must choose between limited options in avoiding these obligations. Subsequently, while in the man-made principles, scholars and examiners need to work to demonstrate their thoughts and persuade others regularly, in Islam, this isn't the situation with Gods homicide the idea of obligation is outlined by the Characteristic. The defense for duty, subsequently plebeians inside the messages Isla m and not from outside as for the situation with man-mediocrities. (P. 84)Len looking at idea responsibility, the creator clarifies in detail additionally the origination al-had the (right way) and al-alai (wrong way). In the last section, Sheik Osama offers a few remarks, the most significant of which is that in Islam each individual is straightforwardly responsible Almighty Allah. Each individual is liable for himself. In this world, accountabilitys both aggregate foreseen, upon the arrival of comprehensibilitys is carefully singular (p. 95). Along these lines, singular responsibility goes past this life and stretches out to the great beyond. At long last, the creator infers that while the idea of duty in man-disparages at organogenesis relationship advancements creatures inside the system of material appearances [Islam] tests the profundities of the human spirit and takes into contemplations cause, arrangement and its end, and cares for its needs in the light of its reality in the current life just as in the great beyond. (p. 99) Undoubtedly, this book is a result of SheikhOsmanspainstaking endeavors. Be that as it may, it experiences combinations. To start with, in looking at both the Marxist and Liberal ways to deal with the idea of responsibility it would have been exceptional if the creator had given the perspectives on explicit rationalists as opposed to talking when all is said in done terms. Furthermore, ,. While examining origination al-had and al-algal, the creator could have brought other important ideas like Jamaica (consensus)and IL . Azans(motivation for flawlessness) which have direct bearing on making an individual responsible is obligations. Thirdly, the book is brimming with reiterations.

Essay Topics That Will Suit Your Abilities

Essay Topics That Will Suit Your AbilitiesHave you ever wondered why there are so many people who write short essays or reports using only 1200 words? If you are one of these people, you should be very concerned. If you are working in an academic environment or conducting research, it is important that you can present your opinions and information in a concise manner. For this reason, you will need to learn about the best essay topics.First of all, it is important that you know how much work it really takes to finish something and what it takes to make things 'go' for you. If you feel that you are able to write on many subjects, you should be worried because you are already writing on too many things. You can easily blow past writing 1000 words in a few hours. What you will do is double that amount in less than a day. As a result, you will be far behind the rest of your peers and won't make it past the deadlines that they are working with.Another issue to consider is your own ability to write. As a student, you should be able to present a paper or report with good grammar and structure. However, it is also important that you are a confident writer when it comes to dealing with writing about various subjects. If you don't believe that you can write, it is important that you understand that you have a lot of things to learn.One other reason why many high school students and college students are unable to write about certain subjects is because they do not know how to begin. They can usually tell you the basics of writing and how to formulate an argument but most times, these concepts are lost when they get into writing about more complex subjects. That is where you come in. You need to become an expert at writing because there are going to be numerous topics that you can discuss.By now, you may have realized the importance of understanding the actual topic that you are writing about. It is easy to focus on the facts and figures when you have something that you al ready know. The more complex the topic, the more important it is that you start thinking like a writer and come up with your own unique opinions.There is no point in knowing about a topic if you do not have a solid background knowledge. These topics will require a lot of thinking and researching. For this reason, it is important that you begin learning about the topic and what it takes to create this type of essay. You should have some sort of book or journal that covers the topic that you want to write about.When you begin to write, try to remember your own unique opinion. Do not forget that writing a paper or report is a very detailed process. It is important that you get the facts correct and then compile them in such a way that they are clear and understandable. This is the most important thing that you can remember.Having your own opinions is essential to writing. You can always come up with another opinion that complements what you have already written. Writing will become fun once you have different opinions. Try to come up with the best possible essay topics so that you can provide your students with something that they will benefit from.

Essay Euthanasia - 2120 Words

Imagine yourself lying on a hospital bed totally unaware of the happenings around you. Doctors and family members come and go, mostly out of habit now, because they know there’s nothing more they can do. Many of their visits are a blur to you, with their voices and movements becoming unrecognizable. The pain you experience is nothing short of excruciating, but the hospital has exhausted all of their resources in their attempt to help you. After months of medication and efforts to assist your recovery, you’re left with nothing to show for it other than the dreadful bills. Your family is just patiently waiting for your final days. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Luckily, you are not in a situation like this, and hopefully you never will be.†¦show more content†¦After caring for his wife, Jean, while she battled breast cancer, Derek Humphry suffered greatly through her death. Afterwards, he was inspired to publish Jean’s Way. The story, telling of their marriage, his wife’s sickness, and her death, was Humprhy’s earliest attempt to challenge the law and display euthanasia in a sensible, helpful manner (Cundiff 72). Some more of the most well known recent instances of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide include the participation of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Also known as â€Å"Dr. Death†, Jack Kevorkian has been involved in the death of approximately 130 people as they sought out his knowledge and assistance in their suicide. Using some household tools, toys, magnets and electrical switches Jack Kevorkian was able to build a machine that he called the â€Å"Thanatron† (Greek for â€Å"death machine†). The Thanatron made it so that with the flip of a switch a person attached to an intravenous tube would experience drips of a saline solution, followed by the release of thiopental which would place them in a deep coma, and then the rush of a lethal dose of potassium chloride which would stop their heart in a few short minutes. When demonstrating his invention on the â€Å"Donahue† show, Dr. Kevorkian referred to the Thanatron as quot;dignified, humane and painless and th e patient can do it in the comfort of their own home at anyShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia863 Words   |  4 PagesThis is why Euthanasia is important and summarizing the research that I found on Euthanasia. Euthanasia is important because there is a lot of arguments about Euthanasia. Some people support it and some people do not support Euthanasia (Euthanasia and assisted suicide- Arguments). Euthanasia allows people to be free from physical pain. It is the hastening of death of a patient to prevent further sufferings (Euthanasia Revisited). The religious argument states God chooses when human life ends. EuthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasia Essays : Euthanasia And Euthanasia1432 Words   |  6 PagesDoes euthanasia assists patients to die with dignity? From fresh to dying, is the humanity multiplies the development natural law. Along with medicine progress and life enhancement, the people besides pay attention to eugenics, simultaneous starts to pay attention to the euthanasia. Since this century 50 ages, regarding euthanasia, many countries’ medical arenas, educational world, and ethical groups have been arguing about the euthanasia argument for many years, although many person of ideas haveRead MoreThe Debate Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia1429 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The debate of euthanasia is an ongoing one that’s shrouded with much controversy and ambiguity regarding the ethics of it in contemporary Australian society. However, the frequency of this topic being debated by physicians, influential figures and the media has become more prominent now than ever. In particular, in association with its impending legislation within Australian states. (The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists,2012) Various types of euthanasia are recognised,Read MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia James Dudley Euthanasia continues to be an ongoing issue in modern society. Over the course of history, there has been a multitude of debates that have tried to justify assisted suicide, or euthanasia. Gallup’s study in 2013 openly shows this statistic by showing that over 75 percent of Americans trust that euthanasia should be acceptable. However, what Americans don’t comprehend is that making any form of euthanasia legal infringes upon the right to life as stated in the constitutionRead MoreThe Issue Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia2073 Words   |  9 Pageslife is beyond toleration or they feel as though there is no point to living, the issue of euthanasia often arises. Euthanasia is technically defined as â€Å"the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering†. In america people have the right to end their life. The topic of euthanasia is one that is highly disputed among people over the world.† Euthanasia means killing someone who is very sick to prevent more suffering† (Weaver 1). An example ofRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia1515 Words   |  7 Pagesetymology of the word ‘euthanasia’ originates from the Greek language which has a literal meaning of â€Å"good death†. Other names for euthanasia are ‘assisted suicide’ and ‘mercy killing’. Euthanasia is done when the person is suffering from a terminal illness such as cancer, and then steps are taken to end the person’s life so that they no longer have to suffer. [Helga Kuhse. July 1992. Bioethics News. The World Federation of Right to Die Societies. http://www.worldrtd.net/euthanasia-fact-sheet. AccessedRead MoreEuthanasia And The Death Of Euthanasia1351 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the dying who request euthanasia to be able to end their suffering. Euthanasia is con sidered a â€Å"gentle and easy death† because it comes from the Greek words, Eu meaning good and Thanatosis meaning death. Euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States. However, assisted suicide, is legal in six different states. The states that assisted suicide is legal in are California, Oregon, Colorado, Washington DC, Vermont and Washington. The key difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is whoRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : The Euthanasia989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe euthanasia process and what to expect. The euthanasia can take place in the privacy of your own home or you may choose to have it done at your veterinarian’s office. Your veterinarian may offer at home euthanasia or you may be able to locate a veterinary service that does at home euthanasia such as Home To Heaven. This is a personal choice and should be made with you and your pet’s comfort in mind. Additionally, you may want to decide if you wish to be present during the eu thanasia. SomeRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia861 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, the practice of medically terminating life in order to relieve pain and suffering of a patient, has been a complex and controversial topic since its conception. In ancient Greece and Rome attitudes toward active euthanasia, and suicide had tended to be tolerant. However, the rise of the Christian faith reinforced the views of the Hippocratic Oath, a swearing of ethical conduct historically taken by physicians. This shift concluded a medical consensus in opposition of euthanasia. IssuesRead MoreThe Debate About Euthanasia And Euthanasia1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe debates about euthanasia date all the way back to the 12th century. During this time, Christian values increased the public’s opinion against euthanasia. The church taught its followers that euthanasia not only injured individual people and their communities, but also violated God’s authority over life. This idea spread far and wide throughout the public until the 18th century when the renaissance and reformation writers attacked the church and its teachings. However, the public did not pay much

Tea House Business Plan - 1501 Words

Executive Summary Teapot is an exciting new concept in the tea industry. Teapot will offer a hip, relaxing, and healthy alternative to the oversaturated coffeehouse concept. Teapot will create an irresistible place to drop in and relax, meet with friends, or get work done in a warm and comfortable atmosphere with consistently top-notch customer service. Our products and services will include a wide variety of high quality black, green, white teas, herbal infusions, and several teas specially blended for Teapot. The tea menu will highlight beverages that provide particular benefits, such as immune-boosting antioxidants, meditative blends, enlightening mental focus blends, and mind and body healing blends. Whether a customer is†¦show more content†¦The retail items will be arranged near the entrance and order counter so that customers waiting in line or waiting to be rung up will be more likely to make purchases or will see them as they are leaving and decide to bring a bit of the Teapot experience home with them. The checkout area will include a cash desk, POS system, computer/cash register system, and merchandise displays. A private area at the rear of the store will include a small storage space, staff washroom, and owner s office. Description of the Industry Tea-drinking is a long-standing Turkish tradition and the country is not only a large tea consumer but also a leading tea producer. With a population of over 70 million and a relatively less advanced economy, Turkey is the fastest growing consumer market in Europe. The rapid economic expansion and an increasingly affluent population enable the Turks to purchase higher-valued consumer goods and raise the standard of living. As is the case in other Western European markets, the health and wellness trend is also influencing consumersers choice of beverages in Turkey. Fruit/herbal tea has been the most dynamic category, with retail volume sales growing by 38% between 1997 and 2004. The major consumers for fruit/herbal tea are the young and urban people. I believe there is a need for a healthy, comfortable, classy and casual tea houses as we are a tea country. Strenghts | Weaknesses | * Emphasis on health * Lower costsShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf1560 Words   |  6 Pageson Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf is an American Chain Coffee house that sells coffee, tea, desserts and pastries. Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf is operated by the International Coffee Tea, LLC and they have over 990 outlets in 27 different countries. The first outlet was started in the year 1963 by Herbert B. Hyman. Because of his efforts and dedication to excellence, he was known as the father of gourmet coffee in California. After 40 years, Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf became one ofRead More American History Essays Boston Tea Party1161 Words   |  5 PagesBoston Tea Party: A Fight for Freedom Imagine you are a merchant in Boston selling imported goods from England with a high tax on them, when three ships come in with 342 chests of tea without planning to pay the middleman tax. Thats how it was for many merchants in Boston. The East India Tea Company went bankrupt due to the dropping rate of tea sales in America because of the increasing rate of smuggling. The governments lack of support, and the newly passed Tea Act, only kindled more resentmentRead MoreJanies Self-Discovery Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesKillicks plans to put her to work on a mule because she does not bore him any heir that she runs off with Joe Starks. Joe Starks is a â€Å"quick-thinking, fast-talking, ambitious man, headed for a newly founded all black community, where he plans to make a fortune† (Rosenblatt 30). Jody offers up a new start to Janie and she leaps at the opportunity of marrying him, â€Å"committing bigamy† (Rosenblatt 30). Jody becomes the mayor of Eatonville and provides Janie with a middle-class furnished house thatRead MoreStarbucks Coffee s Five Forces Analysis1493 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks is a worldwide coffee retail chain that spends significant time in coffee and other related refreshments. The organization prepares and sells meals, coffee, tea drinks and an assortment of new sustainable products, through stores. The organization likewise licenses its trademark through different channels, for example, authorized stores, basic need and national foodservice accounts. Second Cup s coffee portfolio contains around 19 kinds of coffee. The Company s bistros offer a varietyRead MoreTea House Marketing Plan3311 Words   |  14 PagesCá º ¢M TEA HOUSE BUSINESS PLAN CONTENTS Page I. Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.03 II. The company 1. Company description..................................................................................................05 1.1 Vision statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........05 1.2 Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........05 1.3 Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................05 1.4 Company background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............05 2. Business opportunity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEssay on Starbucks Risk Management1233 Words   |  5 Pagescultural and currencies stand point. * Cultural risk: The nature of a society attacking their culture of drinking tea-they positioned stores in high-traffic and high visibility locations. Moreover, Starbucks very deliberately began to bridge the gap between  the tea drinking culture and the coffee drinking culture  by introducing beverages in the Chinese stores that included local tea-based ingredients. * Legal risk : It s not unique * Economic risk: cost more than a meal * Cannibalization Read MoreBusiness Goes With The Mean Data Analysis1335 Words   |  6 PagesIn this case, the business goes with the mean data analysis; the customers coming in the hotel will be within the range of 20kms. If they go with median data analysis, range will only be with in 20 and 25kms. And if the go with the mode data analysis, the range could be anything from 5 to 40kms Identify and review a range of external sources of information (such as relevant books and articles, information on the internet, benchmarking studies) in order to conduct a qualitative analysis of comparativeRead MoreHoney Maid Has a Pretty Cool Reply to All the Haters of Its Ultra-Inclusive Ad1296 Words   |  5 Pagessitting in store drinking coffee while doing their homework and stuffs like that. Therefore, most of our customer age range is from 18 to 45. According to the research, 70% of our customers to-go our products, and 30% of them choose to sit down. The business peak hours of a day are usually in the morning and afternoon. In the morning, a lot of people would stop by our store and buy a cup of coffee and/ or a sandwich on their way to work or school. People would come and sit in store in the afternoon forRead MoreSummary : The Coffee Day 1489 Words   |  6 Pagescoffee chain in India founded by V.G. Siddhartha. Mr. Siddhartha had clear goals of becoming 2nd or 3rd place in the world of coffee business. It rapidly expanded to various cities in India; by 2013 it had 1,468 cafà ©s. CCD did not have that many challenges until Starbucks entered Indian market by partnering up with TATA. Starbucks is a leader in the world coffee business. Starbucks can take market share from CCD. In order to compete with Starbucks, Mr. Siddhartha has to look for new ways to keep hisRead MoreIntroducing Federal Law: The Affordable Care Act1622 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesof his administrations top priorities from the very outset. This process would begin with Obamas health care summit in March of 2009, where ranking government leaders, healthcare industry leaders and industry experts were briefed on the initial plans for the development of sweeping legislation. (Smith, p. 1) This was to be the first major piece of healthcare industry reform since 1965s Medicare and Medicaid laws were passed by then President Lyndon B. Johnson. Therefore, a critical dimension

CHAPTER 1 GUIDANCE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Essay Example For Students

CHAPTER 1: GUIDANCE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Essay A. Meanings, needs, functions, and scope of guidance Guidance School years might be thehappiest period in an individuals life. It is a point in ones life when friends are made,new experiences are encountered, and transitions turn upas one grows and builds character and personality. The school is anurturing environment where a person is cultivated and molded in preparation for adulthood. But the life of a student is not all that its cracked up to be. Especiallythatof a teenager, with raging hormones matched with a sea of seemingly grave dilemmas, who else can you turn to when no one seemsto listen? Meaning of Guidance -amore or less general term to connote both systematic or unsystematic and informal means toward assisting an individual. (ErlisonLorenz M.Ognilla,MrsCzarina Ann Alfonso) is a continuous process of helping the individuals to understand themselves and their world. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) is an organized set of specialized services established as an integral part of t he school environment designed to promote the development of students. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso -seeksto help an individual become familiar with facts about himself his interests, abilities, previous development and plans. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) involves personal help given by someone. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) is a process of helping the individual to become adjusted to his present situation so as to provide the maximum development for him and to help him plan for his future in terms of his interest, aptitudes, capabilities and needs. (MarjorieArandela-Caipang, Ph. D.) meant The aspect ofeducationalprogrammewhich is concerned especially with helping the pupil tobecome adjusted to his present situation and to plan his future in line withhis interests, abilities and social needs. (Harminand Erikson) The Need for Guidance The student life is getting complex day by day. Guidance is needed to help the students for optimum achievement and adequate adjustment in the varied life situat ions. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) 1. To help in the total development of the student 2. To help in the proper choices of courses 3. To help in the proper choice of careers 4. To help the students in vocational development 5. To develop readiness for choices and changes to face new challenges 6. To minimize the mismatching between education and employment and help in the efficient use of manpower.7. To motivate the youth for self-employment 8. To help students establish proper identity 9. To identify and motivate the students from weaker sections of society. 10. To help the students in their period of turmoil and confusion 11. To help in checking wastage and stagnation 12. To identify and help students in need of special help. 13. To ensure the proper utilization of time spent outside the classrooms. 14) To help in tackling problems arising out of students population explosion 15) To check migration to prevent brain drain 16) To make up for the deficiencies of home. 17) To minimize the incidence of indiscipline. Functions of Guidance According to Jones, guidance does not solve the problems for and individual, rather, it helps the individual solve his problems. This is made possible by making available to the individual all possible means, opportunities, avenues of value to him. As a result, there is an increased awareness in him which results to self-knowledge, self-appraisal and self-understanding. Scope of Guidance(ErlisonLorenz M.Ognilla, Czarina Ann Alfonso)1. Services rendered to an individual and his needs2.Services to staff members3.Services pertaining to evaluation of services B. Concerns, trends, and essential elements of guidance Concerns of Guidance We as a people we also need to know the principles, services and the programs offered by guidance. And there should be a concrete practices to be explain. We have to consider the leading concerns on the importance of guidance in the different aspects of mans life today. They are as follow: Complexity of living-With our modern gadgets and with the keen competition in our labor force, knowledge on potentials, interests, and abilities of the applicants becomes a requisite for the job placement. Attainment of effective self-direction-As a man develops; he faces challenges and has to make decisions for himself as he starts to understand the changes around him. Expansion of capabilities- As a man passes through different stages of growth; he takes risk to expand his powers, gain new insights, new experiences, and new interests. Necessity for discovering and developing leadership skills- As a man relates with people in a group, he has to be led to discover and develop leadership skills. Emergence of Multiple Intelligences-Knowing the different types of intelligences requires a need to discover and harness them to the fullest. Introduction of Individual Learning Styles-With technological explosion, learners start to exhibit different styles of learning.This poses a challenge for educators to modify their teaching strategies to attain effective teaching-learning outcomes. Concern for solution to problems of adjustment in every phase of a human endeavor-As a man starts to do his share in the community of people; it is inevitable for him to make adjustments with his members of his family, individuals in a group, or people in a bigger world around him. Steps on Appraisal-Man are not left simply doing in any way he wants. He should know how he rates in his moves, how he measures in his decisions. There is a need for evaluation. Essential Elements of Guidance Guidance is a way to shed light to a person in problems and means to extend assistance for the person to find peace. In other words, this is assisting man, who with his burden in life, cannot possibly see where and how to start solving his predicament. Several essential elements of guidance 1. Process pertains to the series of activities to assist the individual in developing a healthy outlook in an atmosphere of security and direction. 2.Development Aspectpertains to the aims for the development of the whole person. 3.Wider scopepoints out to the fact that guidance is for everyone, not only for the disturbed and those learners with problems. 4.Guidance is focusedon the individual person although the process employed may be in group setting. 5.Right to free choiceis where the individual learners ability to decide for himself must be given the primary target of assistance. 6.Wise decisionmakingis done with a view and the possibilities for the development of the learners potential in the future. 7.Realistic appraisalof opportunities around his has to be given due consideration and emphasis. 8.Recognitionof individual difference should be practiced. 9.Assistancegiven can be in forms of means or methods emphasizing on goals to help an individual to his fullest development. C. Relationship of guidance to education Understanding the Learners needs Guidance- is a continuous process of helping the individuals to understand themselves and their world. Seeks to help an individual to help an individual become familiar with facts about himself- his interest, abilities, previous development and plans. Education-is the process of facilitatinglearning, or the acquisition ofknowledge,skills,values,beliefs, andhabits. The school is a nurturing environment where a person is cultivated and molded in preparation for adulthood. High School years are full of growth, promise, excitement, frustration, disappointment and hope. High School is the time when students begin to discover what the future holds for them. Role of the Classroom Teachers in different Levels a. Assist the child and parents in mapping out appropriate educational programs. b. Assist students as they prepare to graduate in High School and continue their education c. Assist students with personal problem d. Interpret and explain test results to students and their parents. e. Assist students who may have difficulty in their students. D. Principles of Guidance Philosophy behind guidance Know the individual Guidance is primarily dedicated to implement the essential concern of democracy for the dignity and worth of the individual/ Guidance is a life-long process Guidance is based on human needs Guidance is an art of helping individual to their own action wisely Basic Principles of Guidance Guidance is concerned with the whole student not with his intellectual life alone. Guidance is concerned with all students, not only with special case. Guidance is primarily concerned with prevention rather than cure. Guidance is more than just the activity of a specialist; it involves the whole staff. Guidance can exist without the specialist; the full time teacher is its backbone. Guidance is concerned with the choices and decisions to be made by the student. Guidance is concerned with developing student self-understanding and self-determination. Guidance is counsel not compulsion. Guidance is a continuous process throughout the school life of each individual/student. Guidance is fundamentally the responsibility of parents in the home and the teachers in school. Phases of Guidance Three Phases of Guidance There are three phases of guidance namely the developmental phase, the preventive phase and the remedial phase. The first phase in guidance involves thedevelopmental phase, which focuses in the unique and typical growth and development of the children. In the K-12 counseling and guidance program the developmental phase of a children, follows a rationale which attempt to resolve some of the confusions in the individuality of the children. A developmentally oriented guidance program is based on the process of growth and development of children and must achieve a certain goals if they are to progress normally. It offers a program that attempts to offer the kinds of services and experience that would assess the individuality of the student. A guidance program should be designed with the cooperative efforts of the teachers, the program coordinator and the counselors. (LilianV. Cadi, 2009) Provisions and implementation are often made in the classroom. Some activities that a teacher or counselor might offer are those kind of activities that hone the children for example, role playing. In role playin g the individuality and the uniqueness of the children were best highlighted. The nextphases now involvesthepreventive and the remedial phases. In these cases, it confers upon the students being a deviant individual. It refers to the students learning difficulties and disorders such as physical maturation disabilities, emotional distress, psychological fear, health problems, and concepts of self and block in mental processing. In the figure below, it will discuss how the developmental phase, thepreventive (facilitative-developmental)and theremedial (correct-adjustive) phaseoccurs. The concept of variant and deviant learning is shown in the figure in relation to the preventive and remedial phase of guidance.thepreventive phase focuses on the normal learning differences of the students whereas the remedial phase focuses on the learning difficulties of the students. The effort with helping the students to cope up with their learning difficulties happens in the remedial.Wherein the counselor or the teacher talks to the students about the matters that affects the learning style of the students.It is also known as having a conference with the teacher. -5048250333121000The shaded middle area is represents the efforts given by the teachers that are combination of both the preventive and the remedial it is known as the gray-area of operation. The responsibility here of the guidance is either one or the other is merely semantic. Yet the developmental school counselor will work with all the members of school administration, instruction, and the pupil personnel (student -giving bodies). All in all the phases here discuss the vital role of the guidance counselor, the teacher and other staffs have their major and minor work role in the students individuality, uniqueness and performance. E. Guidance Program and Services Areas of Guidance 1. Vocational Guidance -is a process of assisting the individual to choose an occupation, prepare for it, enter upon it, and progress in it. 2. Educational Guidance -is related to every aspect of education, school/colleges, the curriculum, the methods of instruction, other curricular activities, and disciplines. 3.AvocationalGuidance -helps the child to judiciously utilize the leisure time. 4. Socio-civic Guidance -it is very important that the students to be helped in acquiring in feeling of security and being accepted by the group; developing social relationship and in becoming tolerant towards to others. This is the task of social guidance. 5. Moral Guidance -helps in bringing the students into proper track and help in their all-round development. 6. Health Guidance -the health guidance may be a cooperative effort of Principals, Doctors, Counselor or Psychologist, Teachers, Students and Parents. 7. Personal Guidance -the objectives of Personal Guidance are to help the individual in his or her physical, emotional, social, rural, and spiritual. 8. Leisure-time Guidance -Guidance for leisure is basically a part of personal guidance. Leisure generally refers to free time a person at his disposal. Leisure can be fruitfullyutilizefor two purposes: First, Leisure provides us time for personal development and second, it help the individual to be more productive by getting the necessary rest and recreation. Organizational Structure of a Guidance Program 2.1 Factors in the Development of a Guidance Program Its program goals should be defined based on the scope/area it will cover Roles and functions of the people in the system Data, records, and resources at hand Training and qualification of the guidance counselor Time schedule and the number of clients must be given attention 2.2 Organizational Structure of a Guidance Program 2.2.1 Simple Structure Flow of Guidance Program 21240751905 Guidance Program00 Guidance Program2124075793750 Objectives00 Objectives21240751710690 Clients00 Clients3629025114808000236220011480800031146753168650031242001148080002625090656590 clear00 clear4117340645160accepted00accepted This is a simple structure of the program with the objectives directed to the benefits of the clients. 2.2.2 High School Guidance Structure for Public and Private Organizational Structure for a Small School This shows that instruction, discipline, and guidance are in one line. Organizational Structure for a Big School 2.3 Procedures in Initiating a Guidance Program To ensure the wise and effective administration of the guidance program, the counselor should be a knowledgeable manager. He should consider several steps such as preparatory, implementing, and appraisal parts. He should gain the support of the people who aredirectly or indirectly involved through wise goal setting, planning, decision making, motivating, and appraising. 1. Preparatory part: Goal setting and planningany preparation should be done ahead. Attainable and realistic goals must be determined. They should be well written. As wise classroom managers, the guidance counselors have to be tactful in preparing their goals. 2. Implementing part: Coordinatingproper communication should be open to proper people/agencies. Directing/Managingthe guidance center leads in the delivery of its services with the help of the management staff. Developmentthere should be continuity of services. 3. Appraisal Evaluationa checklist is provided to gather both the positive and negative feedbacks. Future Designbased from evaluation, designing future plans/moves are done. Guidance Services 1. Basic Guidance Services Information service Function: to make available to pupils or students certain kind of information not ordinarily provided through the instructional program or during the regular period of instruction. Three Classifications: Occupational Information Educational information Social Information Objectives: To develop a broad and realistic view of lifes opportunities and problems at all levels of training. To create an awareness of the need and an active desire for accurate and valid occupational, educational, and personal social information. To provide wider understanding of the wide scope of educational, occupational, and social activities in term of broad categories of related activities. To assist in the mastery of the techniques of obtaining and interpreting information for progressive self-defectiveness. To promote attitudes and habits that will assist in the making of choices and adjustments productive of personal satisfaction. To provide assistance in narrowing choices progressively to specific activities which are appropriate to aptitudes, abilities, and interests and to the proximity of definitedecisions. Follow-up service Concerned with what happens to students while in school or after they have left schools. Purpose: To ascertain the progress and status of students within the various classrooms, courses, and curricular areas. To gain datawhich may identify weakness in the various phases of the school progress. To learn how former graduates are processing. To evaluate the effectiveness of the schools placement activity. To learn why pupils leave before graduation. To discover grade levels at which most dropout occurs. To obtain opinions concerning needed modification of the curriculum in the light of the experiences of former pupils. Placement service A service within the guidance program which is designed to assist students in the selection of suitable courses or curricula, extra-class activities and part-time or full-time employment or appropriate career choices and skills. Types: Educational placement Occupational placement Job placement Counseling service Implies planned provision for serving unique need of pupils through the person relationship of counselor and counselee. Functions: Study the real life environment Define the problem situation Establish the parameter of the program Design a counseling model Pilot test model Introduce the system Operate the system Evaluate the system Eliminate the system 2. Functions of Guidance Services To improve self-understanding To increase student understanding of self in relation to others To emphasize relationships between academic pursuits and personal development To promote better understanding of the teacher to achieve such an important role in relating to life, the students should have understanding. To contribute to feeling of security To supplement teachers effort in assisting children with problems To provide for the accomplishment and attainment of long range goals To accumulate and interpret important information 3. Forms of Guidance Services Individual guidance It is where an individuals personal needs, interests and attitudes are looked into for better understanding of himself. May be a meeting set by the counselor referred by the teacher, sought by the counselee himself, or arranged by parents. Group guidance Aimed at discussing common problems like tardiness, absences, poor academic performance or adjustment. Enables the counselors in the group to meet and solve the same problems commonly confronting the group. Homeroom guidance ordinarilyconducted by the class advisor and has .2 credit , making it a requirement for graduation. Establishes a much better interaction since a working relationship among the members thrives. CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELINGCounselors attitudes,skills ,characteristics One of the vital components of counseling is the attitude of the counselor. Some attitudes, such as being closed to new experiences, can impede the counseling process. The counselor attitudes of particular relevance to counseling fall into five categories: 1. Openness toward self 2. Openness toward clients 3. Openness toward colleagues 4. Openness toward supervisors5. Openness toward counseling willingness to learn, willingness to try new things and to see alternatives. Viewing then as individuals seeking assistance, as complex individuals who are not helpless, as partners in the process. Viewing them as colleagues, not competitors, with experiences and ideas that are valuable. Viewing them as colleagues with unique and relevant experiences. The counseling process is often a developing, evolving process wherein the clients skills and resources are developed. The counselor does not solve the problem, but offers alternatives and teaches/facilitates the clients problem-solving process. Other attitude a counselor must possess: Delighted attention (smiling) Loving Eye contact (without staring) Exquisite listening (lean forward with interest) Viewing the counselee as whole, wise, intelligent, utterly capable, and divine5. Skills for counseling are initially very similar to social skills. Counselors are usually interested in connection with others. Here are some ideas for social skills and how to express them which will be magnified in the counseling session. They smile and share their good mood with others. They know how to small talk and dont find it offensive or demeaning to do so. They ask the people they interact with about themselves, expressing interest in their life and interests. They know that people like to talk about themselves, and will typically appreciate the audience. They understand that it is inappropriate (and often frightening) for people to share too much too soon. Small talk is a way of sharing very little, but still expressing interest in another person. After a little small talk, people feel more comfortable, and (depending on the relationship and the situation) deeper subjects may be brought up. They use body language to communicate their interest: * They lean forward slightly rather than reclining backwards * They look at people when they talk to them, making eye contact frequently * Their arms and legs are open, rather than crossed and closed. * They do their best to remember the contents of conversations, and show people they remember when they meet again. They know that people are appreciative of being remembered. * They are polite. For example, they say, Thank you when someone makes them a compliment, and Im sorry, when they want to express concern or apologize. * They make sure they are reasonably well groomed, so that people dont look at them and form a negative first impression. * They behave reasonably well, showing awareness that they are in a public place. For example, they dont pick their nose or scratch their buttocks. * They are willing to be vulnerable as becomes appropriate to the situations they find themselves in. They arent closed people, but instead are willing to share themselves appropriately. They are sensitive to the possibility of oversharing (saying too much, too soon), and avoid doing that. They use body language to communicate their interest:According to Cormier and Cormier (1985), the most effective helper is one who has successfully achieved a balance of interpersonal and technical components. They list six characteristics of effective counselors1. Intellectually Competent 2. Energetic 3. Flexible 4. Supportive 5. Goodwill 6. Self-aware counsellors must have thorough knowledge of many theories as well as the desire and ability to learn Counseling is emotionally draining and physically demanding. Counselors must have the ability to be active in their sessions Effective counselors are not tied to one specific theory or set of methods. Instead, they adapt what they do to meet the needs of their clients the counsellor supports the client in making his or her own decisions, help engender hope and power and avoid trying to rescue the client the nature of good will encompasses such qualities as the counselors desire to work on behalf of the client in the constructive way that ethically promotes client independence this characteristic includes knowledge of ones self including attitudes and feelings about self, and the ability to recognize how and what factors affect those attitudes and feelings. The House on Mango Street Essay The significant information gathered periodically on student through the use of various techniques tests, inventories, questionnaire, observation, interview, case study etc. Basically a Cumulative Record Card is a document in which it is recorded cumulatively useful and reliable information about a particular pupil or student at one place. Hence presenting a complete and growing picture of the individual concerned for the purpose of helping him during his long stay at school. And at the time of leaving it helps in the solution of his manifold problems of educational, vocational and personal-social nature and thus assisting him in his best development. According to Jones, a Cumulative Record is, A permanent record of a student which is kept up-to-date by the school; it is his educational history with information about his school achievement, attendance, health, test scores and similar pertinent data, If the Cumulative Record is kept together in a folder it is called Cumulative Record Folder (CRF). If the Cumulative Record iskept in an envelope it is called a Cumulative Record Envelop (CRE). If the cumulative Record is kept in a card it is called a Cumulative Record Card (CRC). Characteristics of Cumulative Record: The Cumulative Record is characterized in the following grounds: (i) The Cumulative Record is a permanent record about the pupil or student. (ii) It is maintained up-to-date. Whenever any new information is obtained about the pupil it is entered in the card. (iii) It presents a complete picture about the educational progress of the pupil, his past achievements and present standing. (iv) Itis comprehensive in the sense that it contains all information about the pupils attendance, test scores, health etc. (v) It contains only those informations which are authentic, reliable, pertinent, objective and useful. (vi) Itis continuous in the sense that it contains information about the pupil from the time he enters for pre-school education or kindergarten system till he leaves the school. (vii) Whenever any information is desired by any-body concerned with the welfare of the child he should be given the information but not the card itself. (viii) Confidential information about the pupil is not entered in the CRC but kept in a separate file. Basic Principles that Should Govern the Maintenance of the CRC: Data contained in the cumulative record card (CRC) should be: 1. Accurate 2. Complete 3. Comprehensive 4. Objective 5. Usable 6. Valid (i) Keeping of record is a continuous process and should cover theholehistory from pre-school or kindergarten to the college and this should follow the child from school. The Card will furnish valuable informations about the growth of a child and the new school can place him and deal with him to a greater advantage. (ii) All the teachers and the guidance workers should have access to these records. Matters too confidential may be kept at a separate place. The child concerned may have an opportunity to study his own Cumulative Record in consultation with thecounseller. (iii) The essential data should be kept in a simple, concise and readable form so that it may be convenient to find out the main points of life of the child at a glance. (iv) Recordsshould be based on an objective data. They should be as reliable as possible. (v) The record system should provide for a minimum of repetition of items. (vi) Itshould contain reliable, accurate and objective information. (vii) A manual should be prepared and directions for the guidance of persons, feeling out of using the records given in it. (viii) The record should be maintained by thecounsellorand should not be circulated throughout the faculty for making entries on it by other members of the staff. These entries should made by them on other forms and the entry in this card should be made very carefully bycounsellor. Types of Information Maintained in the-CRC: The types of information which are collected and entered or included in the CRC are as follows: 1. Identification Data: Name of the pupil, sex, fathers name, admission No., date of birth, class, section, any other information that helps in easy location of the card. 2. Environmental and Background Data: Home-neighbourhoodinfluences, socio-economic status of the family, cultural status of the family, number of brothers and sisters, their educational background, occupations of the members of the family. 3. Physical Data: Weight, height, illness, physical disabilities, etc. 4. Psychological Data: Intelligence, aptitudes, interests, personality qualities, emotional and social adjustment and attitudes. 5. Educational Data: Previous school record, educational attainments, school marks, school attendance. 6. Co-curricular Data: Notable experiences and accomplishment in various fields-intellectual, artistic, social, recreational, etc. 7. Vocational Information: Vocational ambitions of the student. 8. Supplementary Information: It is obtained by the use of standardized tests. 9. Principals overall remarks. Sources of Collection of Information: Information about every pupil or child for the maintenance in the CRC should be collected from the following sources: 1. Parents or guardians data form: Family background and the personal history of the child may be gathered from the parents who are asked to fill in the form. 2. Personal data form: In order to obtain information regarding thepupilsinterest and participation in extra-curricular activities and his vocational preferences the personal data is of great use. The pupil may be asked to give details ofhimself. This will supplement the information obtained from the parents data form. 3. School records: These include: (i) Records of achievement tests. (ii) Records of other tests. (iii) Admission and withdrawal record. 4. Other sources: These include: (i) Personal visits by the teachers (ii) Observations made by the teachers. Maintenance of the Record: The maintenance of the Cumulative Record Card should begin when the student enters school and should follow the student from class to class within a school and from school to school as he continues his progress. The class teacher will maintain the Cumulative Record. In view of the fact that he spends much time with the students he will be in a greater position to judge them from different aspects. He will maintain a diary or note-book in which he will note down from time to time his observations about his students. At the end of the year he will make the necessary entries in the Cumulative Record Card (CRC). It is very desirable that he consults his colleagues who also know the pupils. These entries should be made after careful consideration. 6. Case Study, ConferenceA case study is a about a person, group, or situation that has been studied over time. If the case study is about a group, it describes the behavior of the group as a whole, not behavior of each individual in the group. Case studies can be produced by following a formal research method. These case studies are likely to appear in formal research venues, as journals and professional conferences, rather than popular works. The resulting body of case study research has long had a prominent place in many disciplines and professions, ranging from psychology, anthropology, sociology, and political science to education, clinical science, social work, and administrative science.In doing case study research, the case being studied may be an individual, organization, event, or action, existing in a specific time and place. For instance, clinical science has produced both well-known case studies of individuals and also case studies of clinical practices. However, when ca se is used in an abstract sense, as in a claim, a proposition, or an argument, such a case can be the subject of many research methods, not just case study research. Thomas offers the following definition of case study:Case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more method. The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame an object within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates.According to J. Creswell, data collection in a case study occurs over a sustained period of time.One approach sees the case study defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case-study research can mean single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence, and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. As such, case study research should not be confused with qualitative research, as case studies can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative data. Similarly, single-subject research might be taken as case studies of a sort, except that the repeated trials in single-subject research permit the use of experimental designs that would not be possible in typical case studies. At the same time, the repeated trials can provide a statistical framework for making inferences from quantitative dataCASE CONFERENCE: This is called to gain understanding and of determining sound approaches to severalproblems of counselees such as:unwise choice of coursereading disabilities social maladjustmentineffective study habitsachievement below that which isexpected of him.Case conference is donewithout the knowledge of the counseleeand it aims to avoid rushed approaches tohis problems. Hence, several persons areinvolved like the guidance counselor, theThis is the setting in a case conference. 7. AutobiographyIs the history of a persons life written or told by that person. NATURE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHYAutobiographical works are by nature subjective. The inabilityor unwillingnessof the author to accurately recall memories has in certain cases resulted in misleading or incorrect information. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate history. TYPES OF AUTOBIOGRAPHYThese four short types of autobiography are:Journals: daily written records of personal experiences and observations, usually not very emotional. Diaries: daily written records of personal thoughts and feelings, usually full of emotions. Letters: written messages addressed to a specific person or organization. Memoir: revolves around a specific time, place or relationship. More limited than the autobiography, it focuses on an important part of your life. It can be a coming-of-age memoir, focusing on your childhood years that made you who you are now. It can be a memoir of place, focusing on your hometown or a place you loved and where you spent a significant part of your life. It can be an ecological memoir and give your life from a spiritual point of view, or it might be a philosophical memoir and show the world through your eyes. It can be a historical memoir and focus on your lifes facts given in the form of reportage, or it can be a portrait and revolve around a relationship that shaped you as a person, inspired you or changed you. 8. Socio-metrics DevicesSociometric devices are methods that qualitatively measure aspects of social relationships, such as social acceptance (i.e., how much an individual is liked by peers) and social status (i.e., childs social standing in comparison to peers). Types of Sociometric TestsInclude Negative Responses Negative responses are helpful in differentiating between rejected and neglected children, and identifying social polarizations from large numbers of rejections. A rating scale, by requiring a response for each child, may ease the discomfort teachers feel about having students single out those they dislike. Bubble Art Vacha and his colleagues (1979) recommend the use of the bubble art survey in which students are given a duplicated sheet of the names of classmates in bubble style and are instructed to color the letters of the three students they want most to work with one color, least another, their own a third, and the rest any other color. This procedure makes the test more interesting to students and tends to keep them too busy to try see the papers of others. Weighted scores Compute a status rating based on weighted scores on acceptance scale: first choice +1, acceptance +.5, indifference 0, unacceptance -.5, last choice 1. Students with combined scores of zero and below may need help (Zeleny, 1960). Multiple Criteria Tests Multi-criteria sociometric instruments measure more breadth of choices and whether students discriminate between companion choices for various criteria like: eat lunch with, field trip with, do a school project with, play a game with, sit in class with, invite to a party, newest friend (Roberts, 1986). The Ohio Social Acceptance Scale has students group each of their classmates under one of six headings: My very, very best friends, my other friends, not friends but okay, dont know them, dont care for them, dislike them. Maddux and Maddux (1983) adapted the scale so that students rate each classmate by telling how much they agree with the statement: I want to sit by (or work with) this person. Responses are given on a continuum of agree strongly, agree, neutral, disagree, disagree strongly. Skills Matrix Gresham (1982) suggests a complex process of having children rank their classmates using a 3, 2, 1, 0 continuum on each of thirteen skills: says nice things to others, says please and thank you, smiles at others, says hello to others, listens to others, helps others, shares with others, says excuse me, waits for turns, participates in school activities, fun to talk to, is liked by others, follows rules in games and class. (3 = a lot, 2 = sometimes, 1 = never, 0 = dont know). Analysis of a matrix of scores could reveal skill deficits of the group and of individuals. Whole-group, small-group or individual instruction can be planned to build those skills. Using Sociometric Test Results What Sociometric Test Results Can and Cant Tell YouOf course the analysis of test results will depend on the sociometric question or questions asked. Regardless of the structure of the test, however, there are three main goals for sociometric testing:To measure classroom interaction patterns and their changes over time. To help plan intervention to improve the overall climate of the classroom. To help plan intervention for specific children seen as having status improvement needs. Define isolates (recessive, socially uninterested, or socially unskilled students). 9. Questionnaireis a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. Types of questionnaire1.Structured questionnaire a)Have definite and concrete questions. b)Is prepared well in advance. c)Initiates a formal inquiry. d)Supplements and checks the data, previously accumulated. e)Used in studies of the economics and the social problems, studies of the administrative policies and changes etc. 2.Unstructured questionnaire a)Used at the time of the interview. b)Acts as the guide for the interviewer. c)Is very flexible in working. d)Used in studies related to the group of families or those relating to the personal experiences, beliefs etc. A questionnaire can also be divided as the follows depending on the nature of the questions therein1.Open ended questionnaire a)Respondent is free to express his views and the ideas. b)Used in making intensive studies of the limited number of the cases. c)Merely an issue is raised by such a questionnaire. d)Do not provide any structure for the respondents reply. e)The questions and their orders are pre determined in the nature. 2.Close ended questionnaire a)Responses are limited to the stated alternatives. b)One of the alternatives is simply YES or NO. c)Respondent cannot express his own judgment. 3.Mixed questionnairea)Questions are both close and open ended. b)Used in field of social research. 4.Pictorial questionnaire a)Used very rarely. b)Pictures are used to promote the interest in answering the questions. c)Used in studies related to the social attitudes and the pre judices in the children. 10. Role PlayingRole playing, Rating scales and Checklists are probably three of those techniques being used to collect certain data for counseling. In this chapter, these three techniques will be defined as well as explained to determine its importance, details and other things that are needed for counseling processes and also in the principles of guidance and values education. This refers to the changing of ones behaviour to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role. Research methodRole playing may also refer to the technique commonly used by researchers studying interpersonal behavior by assigning research participants to particular roles and instructing the participants to act as if a specific set of conditions were true. This technique of assigning and taking roles in psychological research has a long history. It has been used in the early classic social psychological experiments by Kurt Lewin (1939/1997), StanleyMilgram (1963), and Phillip Zimbardo. HerbertKelman suggested that role-playing might be the most promising source of research methods alternative to methods using deception (Kelman 1965). In EducationRole playing, a derivative of a sociodrama, is a method for exploring the issues involved in complex social situations. It may be used for the training of professionals or in a classroom for the understanding of literature, history, and even science. This also serves as one of the activities that can be used by the teachers. In Counseling TechniquesModelling Modelling is used as a treatment that involves improving interpersonal skills such as communication and how to act in a social setting. Techniques involved in modelling are live modelling, symbolic modelling, role-playing, participant modelling and covert modelling. Live modelling involves the client watching a model such as the counsellor perform a specific behaviour, the client then copies this behaviour. Symbolic modelling involves the client watching a behaviour indirectly such as a video. Role-playing is where the counsellor role-plays a behaviour with the client in order for the client to practice the behavior. 11. Rating ScalesThis allows teachers to indicate the degree or frequency of the behaviours, skills and strategies displayed by the learner. To continue the light switch analogy, a rating scale is like a dimmer switch that provides for a range of performance levels. Rating scales state the criteria and provide three or four response selections to describe the quality or frequency of student work. Teachers can use rating scales to record observations and students can use them as self-assessment tools. Teaching students to use descriptive words, such as always, usually, sometimes and never helps them pinpoint specific strengths and needs. Rating scales also give students information for setting goals and improving performance. In a rating scale, the descriptive word is more important than the related number. The more precise and descriptive the words for each scale point, the more reliable the tool. Effective rating scales use descriptors with clearly understood measures, such as frequency. Scales that rely on subjective descriptors of quality, such as fair, good or excellent, are less effective because the single adjective does not contain enough information on what criteria are indicated at each of these points on the scale. Low (1988) observes that any rating scale has three basic functions. 1. The first is that it provides a number of possible answers to a question. 2. The second function of a rating scale is that it permits the questioner to restrict the conversation and focus on just those areas relevant to the research being conducted. 3. The third is that it forces all respondents to use the same set of words (or numbers) in their answers. Such standardization allows generalizations to be made within and between groups of respondents. These have a number of implications for the design of good rating scales. The first is that any data from a question open to multiple interpretations is itself uninterpretable. The second is that all values or points on a rating scale should describe the same dimension, say, goodness or importance but not a mixture of the two.Examples of Rating Scale 1. Teacher Report Form (Achenbach, 1991)-Obtains teachers report on childrens academic performance, adaptive functioning, and behavioral/emotional problems2. Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991)-This allows student to be rated on positive or adaptive, behavio rs and competencies. 3. Behavior Rating Profile 2 (Brown and Hammerhill, 1990)-This can identify the students behavior particularly in their profile and in the classroom. 12. Surveys and ChecklistAn assessment guideline listing skills, behaviours or characteristics to help guide teachers with their students records as they perform certain tasks. There are also student checklists that can be used by the students for self-assessment purposes. Checklists can be used for formative (ongoing) assessment to monitor students behavior and progress towards reaching stated goals. In this chapter, two kinds of checklists are emphasized. Teacher observation checklists Checklists for self- and peer assessments. Observation Checklist: Kay Burke (1994) describes an observation checklist as a strategy to monitor specific skills, behaviors, or dispositions of individual students or all the students in the class. She suggests that teachers use observation checklists for formative assessments by focusing on specific behaviors, thinking, social skills, writing skills, speaking skills Checklists only indicate if a student can accomplish the listed objectives. Nothing is included about the quality of performance. In foreign languages, checklists, most often, state the language and cultural skills to be attained. Management Tips for Teachers Using Observation Checklists 1. Teachers may want to focus on one student, or on a few students at a time. In a classroom of 25, teachers may observe 5 students each day. However, all students should be observed within a given period of time. 2. Teachers may also want to observe students in different kinds of activities. 3. Teachers will need to record their observations immediately while they remember which students did what. 4. Teachers will need to evaluate students in terms of their own personal growth.

Wofford v. Evans Essay Example

Wofford v. Evans Essay This case provides elaboration on the right to due process of a student while being detained by school and police authorities in search for a weapon in the school premises to ensure the safety and protect the lives of children entrusted to the care of school officials. The decision basically notes that parental notification is not requisite to due process.Case SummaryJennifer Wofford, mom to ten-year old M.D., filed an appeal at the U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit on the district court’s dismissal of her lawsuit against the Botentourt County School Board and Sheriff’s Department as represented by Principal Rita Evans and Associate Principal Erika Rosa of the Colonial Elementary School, including Detective Jason Markham and others. Wofford claims that M.D.’s rights to due process and freedom from unlawful seizures have been violated by the school and the county sheriff. This issue has arisen, when M.D.’s classmates reported to their teacher that M.D. brought a gun in school on the eve of Thanksgiving in 2001. M.D.’s teacher called the associate principal’s attention and thus, Erika Rosa questioned M.D. regarding the gun. M.D. permitted Rosa to search her book bag and her classroom desk but the assistant principal did not find any weapon. On the Monday following Thanksgiving, Principal Evans and Rosa continued the investigation among M.D. and her classmates. While M.D. denied the allegation, several attested that M.D. did brought a gun and one classmate, Josh Bane said that M.D. threw a black handgun into the woods near the school. Concerned, Evans and Rosa called the police and so three detectives came by mid-morning. The detectives questioned M.D.’s classmates and then M.D. who continued to deny having brought a gun to school. After sweeping the campus grounds, the detectives failed to find any gun.Salient Points of the CaseThe Appellate Court affirmed the district court with the following reasons: 1) †Å"School officials must have the leeway to maintain order on school premises and secure a safe environment in which learning can flourish.† For this, the appellate court pointed out: â€Å"when school officials constitutionally seize a student for suspected criminal activity and transmit the basis for their suspicion to the police, any continued detention of the pupil by the police is necessarily justified in its incipience.† The appellate court further explains: â€Å"when the justification for the original detention includes a concern that also warrants police involvement, no violation of the Fourth Amendment occurs if the police detain the pupil while they allay this concern.† 2) â€Å"Imposing a rigid duty of parental notification or a per se rule against detentions of a specified duration would eviscerate the ability of administrators to meet the remedial exigencies of the moment.† For this, the appellate court pointed out that: â€Å"the Constitutio n does not impose a duty of parental notification before the pupils disciplinary detainment while such school guardianship persists.†Supporting LawsThe following major jurisprudences support the case: 1) Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 570, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) which states that â€Å"the range of interests protected by procedural due process is not infinite.† 2) Terry, 392 U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868 which essentially says that: â€Å"law enforcement officers may depart from the procedural strictures of the Fourth Amendment when they reasonably conclude ‘that criminal activity may be afoot.’†Concurring or Dissenting Opinions:There are no concurring or dissenting opinions in this case as Judges Williams and Titus unanimously joined Judge Wilkinson’s opinion.ReferencesWest Publishing. (n.d.). â€Å"390 F.3d 318 November 19, 2004.† The Federal Reporter Volume 390 3rd Edition. Retrieved August 4, 2009, from http://bulk. resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/390/390.F3d.318.03-2209.html

Free Essays on Age Of Innocence

One critic has called the final chapter, â€Å"A sentimental endorsement of the tribal code.† Evaluate how effective you think Chapter 34 is as the concluding chapter of the novel. Wharton’s story of the upper classes of Old New York, and Newland Archer’s impossible love for the disgraced Countess Olenska, perfectly captures an era when upper –class culture and ‘society’ had rules as rigid as any in history. The city in which the story is set is a well–defined and tightly–knit community; New York was much smaller both geographically and socially. The novel makes clear, the strict code of conduct, which was maintained but we can see how this determined the behaviour of people in the society. This critic has implied that New York society has made no change or progression and that by the end of the novel it is still sticking to the ‘old’ traditions but this contradicts the important theme of change in the novel. Wharton herself stated in her autobiography, â€Å"The first change came in the eighties†¦.there were fewer differences than between my father and the post-war generation of Americans.† We can see that any change in society remained static for years but in the last chapter many things have changed as the years have passed. May is dead, and their three children are grown. New York society, too, has changed. For instance, Dallas is engaged to Julius Beaufort’s daughter, Fanny. Their engagement would have shocked the old society, but now no one remembers Beauforts financial scandal. ‘The Age of Innocence’ concerns itself with change but also with the consequences of the failure to change, in both personal and cultural terms. Wharton began the novel with a critical and sarcastic tone towards New York’s society. She humoured over their ‘Tribal code’ although remained subtle in doing so, â€Å"..conventions on which his life was moulded : such as the duty of using two silver-backed brushes... Free Essays on Age Of Innocence Free Essays on Age Of Innocence One critic has called the final chapter, â€Å"A sentimental endorsement of the tribal code.† Evaluate how effective you think Chapter 34 is as the concluding chapter of the novel. Wharton’s story of the upper classes of Old New York, and Newland Archer’s impossible love for the disgraced Countess Olenska, perfectly captures an era when upper –class culture and ‘society’ had rules as rigid as any in history. The city in which the story is set is a well–defined and tightly–knit community; New York was much smaller both geographically and socially. The novel makes clear, the strict code of conduct, which was maintained but we can see how this determined the behaviour of people in the society. This critic has implied that New York society has made no change or progression and that by the end of the novel it is still sticking to the ‘old’ traditions but this contradicts the important theme of change in the novel. Wharton herself stated in her autobiography, â€Å"The first change came in the eighties†¦.there were fewer differences than between my father and the post-war generation of Americans.† We can see that any change in society remained static for years but in the last chapter many things have changed as the years have passed. May is dead, and their three children are grown. New York society, too, has changed. For instance, Dallas is engaged to Julius Beaufort’s daughter, Fanny. Their engagement would have shocked the old society, but now no one remembers Beauforts financial scandal. ‘The Age of Innocence’ concerns itself with change but also with the consequences of the failure to change, in both personal and cultural terms. Wharton began the novel with a critical and sarcastic tone towards New York’s society. She humoured over their ‘Tribal code’ although remained subtle in doing so, â€Å"..conventions on which his life was moulded : such as the duty of using two silver-backed brushes... Free Essays on Age Of Innocence Look again at Chapter One, which presents Old New York coming under threat from the forces of change. Edith Wharton noted that she wished to establish, from the very opening pages of the novel, a sense of the certain ‘doom’, which faced her characters. On the other hand an early review of the novel argued that â€Å"The plot is unobvious† Evaluate how effective you think this chapter is introducing the reader to the novel. The Age of Innocence was published in 1920, but is set in the time and the place of Edith Wharton’s girlhood, New York in the 1870’s. Wharton draws our attention, quite straightforwardly, to the fact that she is writing a historical novel – and writing a historical novel is only really possible if dramatic differences mark out one period from another. This suggests change and may relate to the ‘certain doom’, which lingers over her characters. Chapter One concerns itself with change but also with the consequences of the failure to change, in both personal and cultural terms. Could this failure to change or fear of change be the ‘certain doom’, which Wharton has referred to? From the very beginning of the novel Wharton makes it evident that the Old New York society has a strong resilience to change, â€Å"..the world of fashion was still content to reassemble every winter in the shabby red and gold boxes of the sociable old Academy.† This society is not ready to embrace any kind of transformation, even if it is for the better. Change is seen as a threat to Old New York. The society is so focused on their strict conventions that they don’t want any hindrance such as alteration to obstruct it, â€Å"..thus keeping out the ‘new people’ whom New York was beginning to dread and yet be drawn to..† If New York manage to keep out the ‘new people’ then their society will never change; there will not be any controversial ideas or risk of moving forward. This may seem absurd to ...

What You Can Learn From Obamas Biggest Failure

What You Can Learn From Obamas Biggest Failure Everybody fails. Even the fanciest and most successful of celebrities, historical figures, and our most idolized idols. Including the President of the United States, Barack Obama. Here’s a look at Obama’s biggest failure in his career and how it paved his path to the presidency. You know Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States and an all-around successful  guy, helping dig the economy out of it’s 2008 chasm, presiding over recovery, stimulating job growth, improving global opinion, etc., But did you know that he was once a big fat failure? Really.He lost. Big time.His first bid for national office was a total flop. Having spent two terms in the Illinois Senate, he made a run for Congress in 2000- running as a practical nobody against an opponent who was both a household name and had a 70% approval rating. His first failure was choosing the race. His second? The race itself. He lost by 31 points.Part of this was out of his control. His opponentâ €™s son was shot and killed during the campaign. And while Obama suspended his campaign for a month and worked to help champion gun control legislation, circumstances found him stuck in Hawaii caring for his sick daughter when the vote occurred. The story told by the news media? He was lounging on a beach instead of helping to make Illinois a safer place.He made up for it.What matters is what he did with that failure. First he went back to the state Senate, then he ran successfully for U.S. Senate in 2004. Somewhere in there he retooled his message, shooting bigger and higher, focusing on hope. He wrote his book, The Audacity of Hope, and set his sights on the presidency.Without that one humbling failure, Obama may never have had to do the kind of soul-searching and message re-thinking he did in 2002. The next time you fail, take a few steps back and remember how a guy from Chicago went from getting spanked in a run for Congress, and turning that failure into the spectacular suc cess of a two-term presidency of the United States.President Obama: A Profile in Failure

Case 1; What else can go wrong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case 1; What else can go wrong - Essay Example If Van West could have understood Mexican culture, everything would have been easy. This is because culture dictates the way individuals treat each other, outlines that which is acceptable, the manner in which management is viewed and the way in which people approach their daily work. Since Hernandez has been helpful to Van West, he needs to inform him when it comes to business it is important to focus on your objectives. Therefore, West should transfer him to another department to avoid daily meeting while at work. In Mexican culture, a boss has the role of influencing a faction or group of people towards the attainment of a goal. Bosses are expected to lead by example, so that others are motivated to follow him and not just any individual with a position of influence. In addition, He or she is an individual who is in charge of a certain division of a company. In this case, superior people in the firm are undermining the subordinates a situation that has brewed into a cold relationship between the two groups. In order to address these issues, Van West needs to negotiate with the workers and agree on a different pay package. This will make workers change their mind about striking because they can perceive the move as inclusive and unbiased. In the end, individual relationship will improve since workers will feel safe. They will not have a negative attitude about the hierarchy since it cares about their

Loss Prevention Policies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Loss Prevention Policies - Assignment Example A fraud hotline will greatly enhance the system by allowing for anonymous reporting. Introduction Modern organizations are faced by an ever-increasing threat of fraud, both internally and externally. Fraud continues to increase alarmingly with each passing moment recording a new or even more sophisticated form of fraud. The situation is made worse by an increasing adoption of information technology that networks and connects the information infrastructure in businesses. Hard economic times are also tempting employees to engage in fraud. This paper will review the benefits of a comprehensive fraud control program and give a conclusion at the end. Literature review Question One A Fraud is a big problem even for large established global corporations; consider the case of dell Computer Corporation. In 2007, it had to redo its financial reports between 2003 and 2006 due to a deliberate manipulation of figures to meet quarterly budgetary targets. John Rigas, former chairman and founder of Adelphi Communications and his son Timothy who served as the CFO (Chief financial Officer) at Delphi were convicted for massive fraud in 2007 (Stanek, 2007). This illustrates the extent of fraud in organizations where even the senior leaders who are supposed to be role models actually initiate and commit heinous acts of corporate fraud. However, a comprehensive fraud monitoring system can come in handy to help detect and therefore help an organization reduce its risk to fraud. Comprehensive fraud monitoring involves the use of technology that incorporates forensic techniques to analyze data and information paths regularly to detect anomalies, to detect fraudulent acts while there is still time to stop or mitigate the fraud. An effective fraud monitoring system is difficult to achieve by using the existing requirements and regulations necessitating the need for a comprehensive fraud monitoring system especially where senior management can be involved in fraud. A comprehensive fraud m onitoring system continuously and constantly monitors happenings in a company’s financial system tracing the movement of cash, which can be used to trace back or detect potential fraud. A comprehensive system for fraud monitoring leverages the use of sophisticated methods of statistical analyses to thoroughly scrutinize a firms’ financial and other activity for acts of fraud, errors of omission and commission and misuse of the firm’s resources. It automated the process of analyzing a company’s financial data and information (Stanek, 2007). An automated system reduces direct human involvement and further helps shield the system from manipulation as well as improves the operations of the organization making them even more efficient (Schaeffer, 2008). An automated system also lowers the cost of hiring manpower that will be involved in the monitoring and auditing the financial and asset monitoring systems of a company. One B A comprehensive fraud monitoring s ystem will benefit the firm in numerous ways as discussed below; The assets of this organization will be protected and safeguarded against arbitrary misuse and even theft by staff; physical assets as well as non physical assets such as intellectual assets. The system limits access to sensitive information to data that can be sold by an insider to competitors for instance. Access to financial resources and money is also controlled further increasing data security. It will also help reduce the chances of fraud by detecting

Scientific Advance: Friend or Foe? :: Science Technology Essays

Scientific Advance: Friend or Foe? Scientists and non-scientists see the advances of technology in different ways. Scientists, like J. Michael Bishop, look at the possibilities technology offers while non-scientists, like Jeremy Rifkin and Mary Shelley, look at the potential chaos that could be caused by it. J. Michael Bishop is a professor of microbiology at the University of California, San Francisco. He is also winner of the Nobel Prize. He wrote, "Enemies of Promise" because he wanted to dispel the misconceptions that many people have about science, since he feels that these could have serious consequences for all Americans. Jeremy Rifkin is a well-known social activist who organized the 1968 March on the Pentagon and brought public attention to alleged U.S. war crimes in Vietnam. He is president of the nonprofit Foundation on Economic Trends. He is both criticized and admired for his condemnation on Biotechnology. Mary Shelley was the daughter of 2 influential people and became an influential writer herself in the early 1800s. Mary Shelley created a monstrous, powerful myth, which she used to warn ambitious scientists of the potential dangers contained in their creations. Her creation, Frankenstein, will forever be known as the monster that was created by Victor Frankenstein. The monster, a creature without a name of its own, that took the identity of its maker. Bishop argues that "Resistance to science is born out of fear." He blames ignorance of breeding this fear, and he blames ignorance of being, "our deepest malady" (241). Rifkin and Shelley on the other hand, accuse science of having the potential to evolve into something grotesque, monstrous and frightening. Bishop would say that this fear is born of ignorance while Rifkin and Shelley would argue it to stem from the potentiality of catastrophe, from the inability of man to predict the adaptability of nature, from the inability of man to anticipate the benefits that are likely to result from such experiments, and from the danger of acquiring knowledge and becoming greater than "his" (man's) nature will allow (321). J Michael Bishop in "Enemies of Promise" argues that we live in an age of scientific triumph in which science is mistrusted and under attack. He claims that some of the opposition to science comes from familiar sources. Some of these stem from religious fanatics who constantly push for creationism education in the public arena. These groups have a theological foundation to their opposition to the advances of science.

Analysis Unit 7 Essay

After nineteen years working as a plant maintenance engineer, employee Bob Thomas was terminated after Jean Lipski the Human Resources Director discovered that Bob was involved in starting a union at the Apollo Corporation. This case will answer the questions: 1. what, if any violation of the law did Apollo Corporation commit? 2. What may be the arguments that Jean Lipski and Bob Thomas use to defend their cases? The case study will also briefly list things mangers should not do to commit unfair labor practices. Review/Analysis of the Case Apollo Corporation is a company that makes component parts for the communication industry. Bob Thomas a Plant Maintenance engineer worked for the company for nineteen years. During the previous five years of his employment his attendance was insufficient, he was a complainer, and also was reported as being a troublemaker. The Apollo Corporation had a laid-back type of atmosphere. As a result of the companies not enforcing the policies strictly and applying disciplinary action against employees not conforming to company policy and a failure to comply with such polices were never put to use (Bohlander 2007). Apollo Corporation is involved in highly competitive industry to produce; HR Director Jean Lipski met with the managers during several meetings and instructed them to exercise their supervisory relationship employees. The employees that did not adhere to HR policies would have disciplinary action against them. Bob and several of the employees were not happy of hearing about the enforcement of the policies. Bob also began to worry about his job, because his attendance was so poor and being labeled as troublemaker and complainer. So Bob contacted the union organizer of the Brotherhood of Machine Engineers. Bob conveyed to the union organizer that he wanted to start a union drive in the company. After a week went by fliers were handed out to the employees about a union meeting. Jean Lipski found out that employees were putting together a meeting to discuss being a union and Bob was the leader of the campaign, Jean called Bob Thomas into her office and terminated his employment with company on the basis of his unsatisfactory work performance and less than perfect attendance. Bob immediately called the union organizer and informed him of his discharge from The Apollo Corporation. Bob and the union organizer immediately headed to the regional office of the NLRB to file unfair labor practice charge against The Apollo Corporation for involvement to unionize the company. Analysis of Findings Apollo Corporation could be charged with unfair labor practices of the National Labor Relations Board (Belcourt, 2004). The National Labor Relations Act, section 7 states â€Å"employees have the right to self-organization, to form, join or assist labor organization. †(p597) Bob Thomas termination happened shortly after he contacted a union organizer and started an campaign for a meeting to be held so that the employees could become unionized Jean Lipski arguments could be based off the fact that Bob had a record of poor attendance and unsatisfactory performance on the job and that was reason for his dismissal. Jean also could argue that she had conducted meetings with the managers to enforce the performance polices and that they were already being set in place and the fact that Bob contacted a union organizer was only to secure his job, because of his lack of performance. Bob Thomas could argue that he was discharged for his involvement in trying to unionize the company. Bob could point out the fact that The Apollo Corporation had been lax in their disciplinary practices in the past and he never suffered any repercussions for his poor performance, until he contacted a union organizer. He could further argue that his termination after contacting an organizer is a violation of the employee right to organize. Recommendations In order for this type of case to never happen again managers need to be aware of the unfair labor practices. Managers should not hire, promote or terminate employees on the basis of their union membership or gender, race and even religion (Belcourt 2004). Meetings should be held with both managers and employees. Most important, disciplinary policies should be enforced from the beginning of employment. Summary and Conclusions . This case study showed how an employee and a company not following their company policies from the beginning of employment can turn into a legal conflict involving the union. Employers have to practice fair labor and be knowledgeable of union practices in order to protect themselves from being accused or sued for discrimination.

How to Make Homemade Ink in 4 Easy Recipes

Ink is one of the practical contributions of chemistry. Using basic materials found at craft supply stores, you can make invisible inks and tattoo inks in addition to writing and drawing inks. Although some ink recipes are closely guarded secrets, the basic principles of preparing ink are simple. All you have to do is mix pigment with a carrier (usually water). It helps to include a chemical that  will allow the ink to flow fluidly and adhere to the paper (typically gum arabic, which is sold in powdered form). Black Permanent Ink  Recipe The most popular ink, black permanent ink can be prepared at home using the following materials: 1/2 tsp lamp black (This you can buy or make yourself by holding a plate over a candle and collecting the soot, or by collecting another form of char.)1 egg yolk1 tsp gum arabic1/2 cup honey Mix together the egg yolk, gum arabic, and honey. Stir in the lamp black. This will produce a thick paste that you can store in a sealed container. To use the  ink, mix this paste with a small amount of water to achieve the desired consistency. Applying a small amount of heat may improve the consistency of the solution, but be careful—too much heat will make the ink difficult to write with. Brown Ink  Recipe Brown ink is a popular alternative to black ink and can be prepared without any char or lamp black. All you need to make it is: 4 teaspoons loose tea or 4-5 tea bags1 teaspoon gum arabic1/2 cup boiling water Pour the boiling water over the tea. Allow the tea to steep for about 15 minutes. Squeeze as much tea (tannin) as possible from the tea or teabags. Stir in the gum arabic and mix until you have a consistent solution. Strain the ink so that you are left with a thick paste and allow it to cool before bottling it. Prussian Blue Ink  Recipe An even simpler recipe, and one that produces a bold color, is this recipe for Prussian blue, which painters have been using since the early 1700s. All you need to make it is: Prussian Blue pigment (sometimes sold as laundry bluing)Water Mix the pigment into the water until you have a rich blue ink with a thick consistency. Unless you happen to have a calligraphy pen, the easiest way to use these inks is with a homemade quill or a paintbrush. Blackberry Ink Recipe Like the recipe above, this one produces a rich blue ink, but one that is darker and made entirely of natural materials. To make it, you will need: 1 cup blackberries1/2 cup water1/2 tsp gum arabic4 drops thyme oil First, heat the blackberries in the water, pressing them to release the juice. Once the mixture is dark blue and all of the juice is released, strain the mixture and stir in the gum arabic until you have produced a thick paste. Add the thyme oil and stir. Allow the ink to cool before bottling it.