Main Issues Affecting International Managers - 2273 Words

INTRODUCTION: Enlarged competition and relaxed economic restrictions have given rise to the development of the force of globalisation, which subsequently have led to multinational companies and managers. In 2000, the global trade in exports and imports extended 25% of the world GDP (Govindrajan Gupta 2000). The rise of globalisation speculates a number of imperative tests to business seeking international incidence, more notably, to these business’s global managers to successfully help achieve this presence. Numerous strategic facets must be measured prior to commitment at an international level, and afterwards. Continuous flexibility is essential in order to adapt to the fluctuating patterns at local, regional and international†¦show more content†¦Hoifstede (1984) asserts to have formulated the focal scopes of the notion of culture that affect work practices in varying countries. These differentiating components of culture are: Power distance, uncertainty avoidanc e, collectivism vs individualism, femineity vs masculinity and short vs long term orientation. In a local culture framework, great power distance could turn into prospective corruptive practices. Takyi – Asiedu (1993) related the notion of power distance to the rampant corruption in the sub Saharan Africa. Moreover, it is also found that greater power distance culture, people are more tolerant and acceptable to unethical and immoral practices. In contrast, it is also assimilated that greater power distance with the standardization of financial and accounting work ,which could lead to less or more expensive to the company and its managers manner of conducting business. Uncertainty avoidance nations are more inclined to have a more solidified legal regulations and more stringent way of conducting business (Pagell Halperin 2001). In these type of nations, comprehensive auditing tends to be executed more to check whether there is any defiance against the law and rules. These nations seem to have a more standardised and streamlined accounting practices and little disclosure levels (Hill 2004). Whilst from a contrary cultural perspective, a global establishment could possibly view it quite expensive to adapt and integrate to the national standards andShow MoreRelatedGhost Stories Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagestake longer than what he assumed at the first point. * Ask from the headquarter construction firm to provide him a number of workers either from the main office or countries around to enable the project to be finished in predefined time frame. However, administrative staff coordination may cause the project excessive cost. * In international projects accomplishment, culture plays a vital role which relates to shared values, beliefs and norms that bind people together. As in this case it canRead MoreMultinational Corporations Based On International Business Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment without inhibiting their ability to coordinate the internal operations of local units in search of global strategies. As these issues of differentiation and integration are often facilitated by HRM activities, they represent a critical component in the IHRM. An example of this dual focus is found in most multinational corporations based on international business, which tend to assign primary responsibility to their subsidiaries for local compensation and benefits, training and labour relationsRead MoreShould Companies Focus More On Investing Back Into The Company Or Should They Pay Dividends First?1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdistribution centre in Barnsley in June 2014. Additionally the company faced adve rse foreign exchange rate movement in its international markets due to the pound getting stronger. This ended up to be one of the main reason in affecting the international sales which count for 60% of the group revenues. On the other hand the company made some major investments in technology and international markets so as to expand and find a competitive edge and this hasn’t paid of well yet. To make these investments overRead MoreChallenges Faced By Starbucks : Swot Analysis1547 Words   |  7 Pagesproducts. Starbucks having a variety of products and a wide range of products available to capture the customers towards the company, the company is raising awareness among the customers and enhance the quality and environment of the company such as the main focus of the company are 18-45 yrs customers The company built up the environment for youngsters who want to gather with their friends and also develop environment for office colleagues and students who want to do their works and environment is alsoRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Princeton International Properties1502 Words   |  7 PagesPrinceton International Properties Company profile: Princeton International Properties is a property management investment company that was founded in 1982 as a family-owned business. Its main office is located in 232 Madison Avenue in New York City. Princeton International Properties has been managing interests in all types of income-producing properties including commercial office buildings, residential apartment buildings, retail properties, medical centers and a hotel. Princeton International PropertiesRead MoreManaging Across Culture1434 Words   |  6 PagesManaging across culture Introduction Globalization makes the world become to be a big family. More and more international company appears in the social. While in the same times, people from different countries or different culture start to work together. How to make the staffs from different culture to work together become a core problem facing by the company. By facing the conflict and difference between different culture, to find out a way to effectively manage across culture become more helpfulRead MoreDesigning A Sales Subsidiary Structure1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe balance sheet approach in international compensation. Finally, in international performance management, I listed several issues need to be concerned and suggested adopt not ‘TCN role conception’ but ‘PCN role conception’. Introduction The main object of this portfolio is to provide the board with useful advice for Winch-It to develop an international business. Since they are uncertain of what type of organizational structure they would build for international operations and what country toRead MoreA Research Questions On The Beauty Industry787 Words   |  4 Pagesbeauty industry has been marked as the most prominent industry in Thailand for the last five years, with skin care as the most valuable sector (Sanoachitt, 2015; Euromonitor International, 2016). In 2015, the skin care sector expanded by 9% in term of value to reach Bt65.6 billion or  £1.45 billion (MarketLine, 2016). The main contributor to the growth was an increase in the attention of Thai people towards their appearance and wellness. 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Knowledge Management As A Doughnut Shaping Your...

1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"Knowledge management as a doughnut: Shaping your knowledge strategy through communities of practice† is an article written by Etienne Wenger in 2004. Wenger, a recognized expert in knowledge management aspect, is well-known for his achievements in social learning and communities of practice. And he even coined the new term â€Å"community of practice† with the co-author Jean Lave in their article â€Å"Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation†, which describes a group of practitioners in organizations who share their knowledge. In this paper, Wenger built a new knowledge management model which is called doughnut. This model shows how knowledge flows in the organization. This paper will summarize the main idea of Wenger’s article, and discuss the strengths and weakness of it, which would help in understanding the knowledge management. 2 SUMMARY Firstly, the author shows his sceptics on the knowledge management today, and argue that practitioners should manage knowledge themselves. Then he set up the doughnut model of knowledge management that could illustrate the logic of the transformation between strategy and performance. The strategy could improve performance by learning, sharing stewarding, and the performance could help in developing strategy through the three elements of â€Å"Community of practice†. 3 CRITIQUE 3.1 WRITING STYLE The writing style of this paper is quite different from traditional academic writing. 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Ferreira * Centre for Information and Knowledge Management University of Johannesburg Johannesburg , South Africa aferreira@uj.ac.za T. du Plessis Department of Information and Knowledge Management University of Johannesburg Johannesburg , South Africa tduplessis@uj.ac.za The popularity of social networking sites is relatively recent and the effect of online social networkingRead MoreHsc 30667101 Words   |  29 Pagestravelling on holiday, playing football, setting up home and starting a family all carry some element of risk. Risk plays a part in our health, safety, security, well-being, employment, education, daily activities, using resources and equipment and in community participation. But some adults, for example disabled people or older people, are often discouraged from taking risks. Traditionally they are not encouraged to take risks in areas such as budgeting, planning, employment and daily living skills. 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Reading through its index brings to mind the medieval lament, â€Å"Where are the snows of yesteryear?† Where indeed are Aldus, Apollo, Ashton-Tate, Ask, Burroughs, Businessland, and the Byte Shop? 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(2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier

Apollo Shoes Confirmation Letter Free Essays

to:Darlene wardlaw FROM: SUBJECT:CONFIRMATION REQUESTS DATE:OCTOBER 30, 2012 Two Forms of Confirmations We used both positive confirmations and negative confirmations. This is a required audit procedure by audit standards. Confirmations show existence and valuation of accounts and notes receivable. We will write a custom essay sample on Apollo Shoes Confirmation Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now The positive confirmations are used to ask the customer to respond whether the balance is correct or incorrect. The negative confirmations ask for a response only if something is wrong with the balance. If no response is received, it is considered evidence that the account is stated fairly. With the positive confirmations, we are trying to find information on account balances or specific invoices. We sent positive confirmations to Neutralizer, Mall-Wart, Run For Your Life Shoes, Paul Bunion Footwear, Sassy Shoes, and International Soccer Federation. We sent a negative confirmation to Tread. The ones that we sent a positive confirmation to, we were wondering about some discrepancies in the numbers and needed confirmation that payments were being made. The negative confirmation was sent with confidence that there were no errors. Therefore, we did not need a response if nothing was found. We checked the numbers that we received from the confirmation and compared them to the aged trial balance for account receivable. The numbers matched up. Alternative Procedures Sometimes customers are not able to send a response. A reason for this could be that they are on a voucher system that lists payables by invoice instead of by vendor account. In a case like this, we have to perform alternative procedures. We could examine subsequent cash receipts. We could examine sales orders, invoices and shipping documents. We could also examine correspondence files for past due accounts. How to cite Apollo Shoes Confirmation Letter, Essay examples

Discrimination And Prejudice Due To Weight â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Discrimination And Prejudice Due To Weight? Answer: Introduction Weight related stigma has been deeply rooted in the society for quite a long time. Obese people are often highly stigmatized and they have to experience different kinds of discrimination and prejudice due to their weight (Trainer, Brewis, Wutich, Hans, 2017). Pearl Lebowitz (2014) show that, the recent data from all over the world has indicated that the discrimination for weight has increased with the course of time, especially among the women. The weight bias also has a huge impact on the inequalities within the work places, educational institutions and other health care facilities because of the extensive negative stereotypes such as the obese persons are unmotivated, lazy, less competent and sloppy (Trainer et al., 2017). These stereotypes have been prevalent within the Australian society and have been hardly challenged. This social attitude has kept the obese and overweight people in a vulnerable state to the unfair judgment and social injustice (OBrien, Latner, Puhl, Vartanian , Giles, Griva Carter, 2016). This discriminatory attitude and stigma towards the obese people are entirely pervasive and it has posed a number of consequences for their physical and psychological health (Monaghan, 2017). Several researchers have reported that the stereotype has mostly been reported from their coworkers, family members, employers or friends to the obese people, even to the young children aged not more than three years (Pryor, Reeder, Wesselmann, Williams, Wirth, 2013). Therefore this essay triggers this issue of stereotyping the obese people with the help of literary journals and will evaluate how harmful this issue is. Review of Research Into the Consequences of Weight Related Stigma Current research on the impact of weight related stigma reports it has negative effects on social behaviours and health of the obese individual (Lewis, Tomas, Blood, Castle, Hyde Komesaroff, 2011). Several social settings where weight related stigma has been most commonly researched shows unpleasant effects on the obese individual. Obese employees report discriminatory attitudes within the workplace 37 times more than employees not classified as obese (Phelan et al. 2015). Co-workers have attitudes that obese individuals are lacking discipline, less competent and lazy (Trainer et al., 2017). The instances of such stereotyping include being targeted of insulting humor or any other derogatory comments from the supervisors and co-workers. Obese workers furthermore experience differentiated treatment including lower wages, less chance of being hired or chance of being promoted (Monaghan, 2017). Even studies have also reported particular kinds of employment discrimination which may lead to the unlawful termination from the job. Cavico, Muffler, Mujtaba (2012) has reported that there are several legal cases which include the obese employees being fired due to her or his weight regardless of their positive performances or even if the weight related issues are irrelevant to the job roles. It should also be noted that the women tend to face more discrimination regarding their weight than men sixteen times more. O'Hara, Tahboub-Schulte Thomas (2016) has found employment discrimination on the basis of obesity remained almost similar and common as previous studies. In addition to that, more evidences indicate that the obese and overweight workers tend to face the stigmatized behavior from their employers which lead to inconvenience with wages, hiring, promotions, even terminations of job due to their overweight. Not only within the work environment, has the weight stigma occurred but also within different settings such as within the educational institutes or within the medical facilities. Obese students tend to experience ridicule or harassment from their peers; and experience negative attitudes from their educators and teachers*. Obese primary and secondary students who report bullying on the basis of their weight, are less likely to participate in health promoting behaviours( eg playing sports) and are more likely to develop a mood or anxiety disorder(Setchell et al., 2017). Within the college environment, it has been reported that the qualified yet overweight students tend to be rejected from the colleges than the other students who weight normally, those who arent subject to weight related stigma (Cash Green, 1986). However, it should be noted that this tendency is more prevalent within the female students*. Even in health care facilities, obese patients report having experienced biased attitudes from their physicians, psychologists, nurses and dieticians (Brochu et al., 2014). This can lead to a disturbing consequence that the obese patients may not consult the medical practitioners due to such negative experiences in the past. Furthermore this prevents treatment, and allows for exacerbation, of psychological and health issues (Ratcliffe and Ellison, 2015). The weight stigma is also capable of invoking psychological stress on recipient which may lead to poor physical health, social exclusion and isolation due to low self-esteem, depression. Review of Research into the Nature of Weight Related Stigma Through different agencies such as social or print media, family, friends and other people from surroundings construct the idea of being thin in the society. Social ideals are developed through portraying thinness as being beautiful and healthy (Vartanian, Pinkus and Smyth, 2014), and to be obese means being the opposite of that, negatively attributed. Obese characters on Television are represented in less serious roles, less intimate relationships and interestingly obese men are shown more on television then females (Frederick, Saguy, Sandhu and Mann, 2016). Making suggestions that its more normal, acceptable to be obese if you are a male. Furthermore, it is argued that this type of stigma is seen as social acceptable from the notion that obesity is a controllable condition, and makes the obese person accept this bias and discrimination as well (O'Hara, Tahboub-Schulte Thomas, 2016). As sited by Puhl and Bronwell (2003) this supports Crandall and Colleagues proposal that obesity stigma results from social ideology/beliefs that uses negative attributions to explain negative health outcomes. In terms of obesity, people search for the cause of the weight and form reactions to the obese persons. The primary evidence from investigating the informal links between the hiring decisions of the organizations and discriminations based on weight, supports this idea too. The outcome of such studies have indicated that the potential candidates who are overweight are most commonly viewed in a negative way and more pessimistic outcomes in comparison to the other employees and candidates (Monaghan, 2017). Gradually the weight stigma gets attached with the direct, indirect and environmental stigma. The Attribution theory indicates that human beings tend to be motivated in assigning the caused to their behaviors and actions. Therefore people tend to search for the causes and and re actions to the overweight people. This is also utilized in forming the expectations and impression of the individuals. This stigma is so hard to escape because the nature of the condition is visible, weight is a visible thing, and sight is transformed into meaning so quickly. This shows how much stigmatization condition like obesity is also utilized in forming the expectations and impression of the individuals (Lewis et al., 2011). Review of Research into Possible Ways to Counteract Weight Related Stigma Not using the stigma as a useful tool to motivate obese persons to adopt healthy life style behaviours is important. Facing weight stigma was thought to predict an increased level of motivation for avoiding such stigma, although weight related stigma is more likely to give rise to avoiding behaviours when the individual starts avoiding the social interaction as they fear being stereotyped (O'Hara, Tahboub-Schulte Thomas, 2016). Most researchers conclude that there are lesser instances which indicate that stigmatizing experiences turn into weight loss, rather it is mostly seen that such experiences tend to promote more weight gain over the course of time (Puhl and Brownell, 2003). It is very important to promote health over the physical appearance. However, weight stigma cannot be utilized as a motivational tool for this purpose; rather the obese people need to understand that they have to adapt healthy behavior not for changing their appearance, but mostly for their own health. If t he consensus comes from their in-group source than the out-group source, it tends to be more effective. Social consensus shows potential as a method for reducing weight stigma (Lewis et al., 2011). The theory explains stigma as a formation of social agreement on the expression and confirmation of bias, therefore stigma is built from how one perceives the stigmatizing beliefs are agreed upon by others. This is because when people share beliefs it provides a means to affiliate with others and to achieve membership, acceptance and security in social groups*. These positive results of sharing negative beliefs can be the driving motivation to stereotype formation. Multiple studies exploring social consensus show reduced stigmatization of the obesity condition*. Following those who receive positive Consensus feedback report less negative attitudes and more positive attitudes towards obese persons compared to their reported attitudes prior to feedback (Lewis et al., 2011). There are two constructs of source; in-group being not obese populations and outgroup being obese populations. Social con sensus information is found to be more influential in changing stereotypes if it comes from an in group sources, versus an outgroup source, and is also more resistant to change (Puhl and Brownell, 2003) Conclusion It is very unfortunate that still weight related stigma is still a common occurrence in the society. It is most likely that the overweight or obese people tend to experience jokes on their weight and their identity from their own family and friends. However they can avoid the weight stigma in several ways in order to protect their self esteem. However, not only the overweight people, everyone in this society should keep other people safe from any kind of weight related stigma by promoting a sheer acceptance for all the sizes within the community (Lewis et al., 2011). After reflecting on all the literatures regarding the weight related stigma, it can be found out that this stigma not only harms the individuals psychologically, it is also harmful physically. There can be specific strategies that can help the individuals to get rid of such stigma that triggers their social identity. The following recommendations can be helpful for the individuals to cope up in a discriminatory situation : Other than that, changing of the life style should be acknowledged and create an environment which is supportive towards them. The social consensus have previously shown more possibility as a method for reducing the weight stigma, however it has not been sufficiently tested yet (Puhl Brownell, 2003) so further research into social consensus as a tool reducing stigma is required. References Brochu, P. M., Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., Brownell, K. D. (2014). Do media portrayals of obesity influence support for weight-related medical policy?.Health Psychology,33(2), 197. Cash, T. F., Green, G. K. (1986). Body weight and body image among college women: Perception, cognition, and affect.Journal of personality assessment,50(2), 290-301. Cavico, F. J., Muffler, S. C., Mujtaba, B. G. (2012). Appearance discrimination," lookism" and" lookphobia" in the workplace.Journal of Applied Business Research,28(5), 791. Frederick, D. A., Saguy, A. C., Sandhu, G., Mann, T. (2016). Effects of competing news media frames of weight on antifat stigma, beliefs about weight and support for obesity-related public policies.International Journal of Obesity,40(3), 543. Lewis, S., Thomas, S. L., Blood, R. W., Castle, D. J., Hyde, J., Komesaroff, P. A. (2011). How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study. Social Science Medicine, 73(9), 1349-1356. Monaghan, L. F. (2017). Re-framing weight-related stigma: From spoiled identity to macro-social structures.Social Theory Health,15(2), 182-205. O'Brien, K. S., Latner, J. D., Puhl, R. M., Vartanian, L. R., Giles, C., Griva, K., Carter, A. (2016). The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress.Appetite,102, 70-76. O'Hara, L., Tahboub-Schulte, S., Thomas, J. (2016). Weight-related teasing and internalized weight stigma predict abnormal eating attitudes and behaviours in Emirati female university students.Appetite,102, 44-50. Pearl, R. L., Lebowitz, M. S. (2014). Beyond personal responsibility: effects of causal attributions for overweight and obesity on weight-related beliefs, stigma, and policy support.Psychology health,29(10), 1176-1191. Pearl, R. L., Hopkins, C. H., Berkowitz, R. I., Wadden, T. A. (2016). Group cognitive-behavioral treatment for internalized weight stigma: a pilot study.Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 1-6. Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., Ryn, M. (2015). Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity.Obesity Reviews,16(4), 319-326. Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., Wesselmann, E. D., Williams, K. D., Wirth, J. H. (2013). The influence of social norms upon behavioral expressions of implicit and explicit weight-related stigma in an interactive game.The Yale journal of biology and medicine,86(2), 189. Puhl, R. M., Brownell, K. D. (2003). Psychosocial origins of obesity stigma: Toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias. Obesity Reviews, 4(4), 213-227. Puhl, R. M., Heuer, C. A. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1019-1028. Puhl, R. M., King, K. M. (2013). Weight discrimination and bullying.Best practice research Clinical endocrinology metabolism,27(2), 117-127. Puhl, R. M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Austin, S. B., Luedicke, J., King, K. M. (2014). Setting policy priorities to address eating disorders and weight stigma: views from the field of eating disorders and the US general public.BMC Public Health,14(1), 524. Ratcliffe, D., Ellison, N. (2015). Obesity and internalized weight stigma: A formulation model for an emerging psychological problem.Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy,43(2), 239-252. Setchell, J., Gard, M., Jones, L., Watson, B. M. (2017). Addressing weight stigma in physiotherapy: Development of a theory-driven approach to (re) thinking weight-related interactions.Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 1-14. Trainer, S., Brewis, A., Wutich, A., Han, S. Y. (2017). Obesity, Depression, and Weight-Related Stigma Syndemics.Foundations of Biosocial Health: Stigma and Illness Interactions, 83. Vanhove, A., Gordon, R. A. (2014). Weight discrimination in the workplace: a meta?analytic examination of the relationship between weight and work?related outcomes.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,44(1), 12-22. Vartanian, L. R., Pinkus, R. T., Smyth, J. M. (2014). The phenomenology of weight stigma in everyday life.Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science,3(3), 196-202.